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Somewhere in Africa, sometime about 6 million years ago, in a routine evolutionary event, a population of great apes became reproductively isolated from its conspecifics. This new group evolved and split into still other groups, leading eventually to several different species of bipedal ape of the genus Australopithecus. All of these new species eventually died out except one that survived until about 2 million years ago, by which time it had changed so much that it needed not just a new species designation but a new genus designation, Homo. Compared with its australopithecine forebears-who were four feet tall with ape-sized brains and no stone tools - Homo was larger physically, had a larger brain, and made stone tools. Before long, Homo began to travel the globe widely, although none of its early forays out of Africa succeeded in establishing any populations that survived permanently.
Then, somewhere still in Africa, sometime about 200,000 years ago, one population of Homo began on a new and different evolutionary trajectory. It began living in new ways in Africa and then spread out across the world, outcompeting all other papulations of Homo and leaving descendants that are known today as Homo sapiens. The individuals of this new species had a number of new physical characteristics, including somewhat larger brains, but most striking were the new cognitive skills and products they created:
They began to produce a plethora of new stone tools adapted to specific ends, with each population of the species creating its own tool-use "industry" - resulting eventually in some populations creating such things as computerized manufacturing processes.
They began to use symbols to communicate and to structure their social lives, including not only linguistic symbols but also artistic symbols in the form of stone carvings and cavepaintings—resulting eventually in some populations creating such things as written language, money, mathematical notation, and art.
They began to engage in new kinds of social practices and organizations, including everything from the burying of the dead ceremonially to the domestication of plants and animals-resulting eventually in some populations creating such things as formalized religious, governmental, educational, and commercial institutions.
Michael Tomasello
The Cultural Origins of HUMAN COGNITION
Harvard Univ. Press 2000 pg.1
Pascal Boyer
RELIGION EXPLAINED
The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought
Perseus Books 2001
pg 249
....our systems for social interaction did not evolve in the context of vast groups and abstract institutions like states, corporations, unions and social classes. We evolved as small bands of foragers and that kind of existence is the context in which we developed the special features of our social mind. Sedentary settlements, large tribes, kingdoms and other such modern institutions are so recent in evolutionary time that we have not yet developed reliable intuitions about them. -
... in all human groups people have consciously accessible concepts of social relations, folk theories about how such relations are built and maintained, culturally specific ways of construing them. They have explicit understandings of what friendship is, what exchange ought to be, how power is attained and maintained in complex groups - in so many words, "how society works." - people faced with any complex interaction tend to use anthropomorplic concepts -
"naive sociology" Larry Hirschfeld :
solidarity-based groups - friendship, coalition, alliances, company, neighborhood; some people are intrinsically likeable and others less so, some people seem trustworthy and others do not. How all this is evaluated in terms of cooperation and trust is not quite accessible to conscious inspection -
"formalized sociology"
polis - Politik
urbs - urban
societas - Sozietät - sozial - Sozialität - Sozialisierung -
communis - communion - Kommunikation - Kommunismus -
civilitas - zivil - Zivilisation -
domus - dominus - Dominanz
Patriarch - Patriarchalismus - auctor - Autorität
http://www.etymonline.com/
ONLINE ETYMOLOGY DICIONARY
author: c.1300, autor "father", from O.Fr. auctor, from L. auctorem (nom. auctor) "enlarger, founder," lit. "one who causes to grow," agent noun from augere "to increase" (see augment). Meaning "one who sets forth written statements" is from c.1380. The -t- changed to -th- on mistaken assumption of Gk. origin. The verb is attested from 1596.
authority: c.1230, autorite "book or quotation that settles an argument," from O.Fr. auctorité, from L. auctoritatem (nom. auctoritas) "invention, advice, opinion, influence, command," from auctor "author" (see author). Meaning "power to enforce obedience" is from 1393; meaning "people in authority" is from 1611. Authoritative first recorded 1609. Authoritarian is recorded from 1879.
Soziale Organisation:
Kolonie - Schwarm - Herde - Horde - Rudel -
band -
tribe -
chiefdom -
state
Colin Renfrew: How societies were organised
polity -
autonomous social unit -
seasonal camps -
villages -
multicommunity societies -
cities -
Staat -
EVOLUTION DER S0ZIALITÄT
Robin Dunbar
The Human Story
A new history of mankind's Evolution
faber and faber 2004
pg7
...the essence of what made us who we are, what finally produced humans as we know them, with all that inflorescence of culture that makes us in some intangible but very certain way utterly different from every other species alive today - and, indeed, every other species that preceded us in the long history of life on earth. http://www.uboeschenstein.ch/texte/dunbar43.html
Inside Science 159 New Scientist 15th March 2003:
Was Darwin Wrong? Whereever you look, its ccooperation not selfishness that reigns supreme. How teamspirit evolved.
cooperation -
natural selection - symbiotic relationships - reciprocal relationships - kin selection - division of labor - game theory -
Pascal Boyer
RELIGION EXPLAINED
The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought
Perseus Books 2001
pg 118
evolutionary psychology - informavores -
cooperators - food sharing -
cignitive niche - social inference systems - gossip - solidarity - trust -
naive sociology
intuitive psychology - theory of mind - levels of intentionality
decoupled cognition -
imagination - time - representation - external memory
Flack/de Waal JCS 7, no7, 2000
Darwinian Building Blocks of Morality in Monkeys and Apes
To what degree has biology influenced and shaped the development of moral systems? One way to determine the extent to which human moral systems might be the product of natural selection is to explore behaviour in other species that is analogous and perhaps homologous to our own. Many non-human primates, for example, have similar methods to humans for resolving, managing, and preventing conflicts of interests within their groups. Such methods, which include reciprocity and food sharing, reconciliation, consolation, conflict intervention, and mediation. are the very building blocks of moral systems in that they are based on and facilitate cohesion among individuals and reflect a concerted effort by community members to find shared solutions to social conflict. Furthermore, these methods of resource distribution and conflict resolution often require or make use of capacities for empathy, sympathy, and sometimes even community concern.
Any animal whatever, endowed with well-marked social instincts, the parental and filial affections being here included, would inevitably acquire a moral sense or conscience, as soon as its intellectual powers had become as well developed, or nearly as well developed, as in man.
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man (1982 [1871], pp. 71-2)
Thomas Huxley, in his famous lecture, Evolution and Ethics (Huxley, 1894), advanced a view of human nature that has since dominated debate about the origins of morality. Huxley believed that human nature is essentially evil - a product of a nasty and unsympathetic natural world. Morality, he argued, is a human invention explicitly devised to control and combat selfish and competitive tendencies generated by the evolutionary process. By depicting morality in this way, Huxley was advocating that the search for morality's origins be de-coupled from evolution and conducted outside of biology.
morality -
reciprocity - reciprocal altruism - reconciliation - mediation -
cooperative interaction - empathy
Zur Geschichte der Ideen über Individuum und Gesellschaft:
Paradigmenwechsel I:
Ovid -
Platon -
I Ging -
Thomas Hobbes 1651: »there is...no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.«
Rousseau -
Kant: Immanuel Kant
Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht. 6. Satz.
Der Mensch ist ein Thier, das, wenn es unter andern seiner Gattung lebt, einen Herrn nöthig hat. Denn er missbraucht gewiss seine Freiheit in Ansehung anderer Seinesgleichen ; und ob er gleich als vernünftiges Geschöpf ein Gesetz wünscht, welches der Freiheit Aller Schranken setze: so verleitet ihn doch seine selbstsüchtige thierische Neigung, wo er darf, sich selbst auszunehmen. Er bedarf also einen Herrn, der ihm den eigenen Willen breche und ihn nöthige, einem allgemeinen Willen, dabei jeder frei sein kann, zu gehorchen. Wo nimmt er aber diesen Herrn her? Nirgends anders als aus der Menschengattung. Aber dieser ist eben so wohl ein Thier, das einen Herrn nöthig hat. Er mag es also anfangen wie er will; so ist nicht abzusehen, wie er sich ein Oberhaupt der öffentlichen Gerechigkeit verschaffen könne, das selbst gerecht sei; er mag nun in einer einzelnen Person, oder in einer Gesellschaft vieler dazu auserlesener Personen suchen. Denn jeder derselben wird immer seine Freiheit missbrauchen, wenn er keinen über sich hat, der nach Gesetzen über ihn Gewalt ausübt.
Gesellschaftsvertrag - contract social -
tauschen - handeln - reziproker Altruismus - cooperation - die Gabe (Mauss)
David Erdal /Andrew Whiten
EGALITARIAN AND MACHIAVELLIAN INTELLIGENCE IN HUMAN EVOLUTION
Dominanz - counterdominance
egalitarianism - hunter-gatherer egalitarianism: food-sharing and by a virtually complete absence of hierarchy or dominance - evolution of counter-dominance -
regulierte Anarchie
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